ow might the study of development best try to meet Muller’s requirement that “modernist” and “post-modernist” approaches not be seen as competing paradigms but rather as “two poles of negotiation” between which sustained engagement should occur”?

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In his 2006 article, Martin Muller argues that post-modernism criticizes modernist development discourses “for annihilating cultural difference, subjecting local communities to the economistic Western logic of the market and creating poverty instead of eliminating it….”

Ultimately, Muller concludes that what is needed for Development Studies is an approach to the discipline that does not see “modernism” and “post-modernism” as competing paradigms. Instead, he calls for them to be treated as “two poles of negotiation between which … sustained engagement should occur [in order] to enrich the theoretical and practical body of the discipline.”

You will have found by now in your readings on Blackboard the Encycopedia Britannica article, “Social Science,” by Robert Nisbet.

Relying on that article, as well as on Muller and the full body of readings you have been assigned for this course, please write ONE essay that answers the following two questions:

1. How might the study of development best try to meet Muller’s requirement that “modernist” and “post-modernist” approaches not be seen as competing paradigms but rather as “two poles of negotiation” between which sustained engagement should occur”? (Cite Nisbet as much as necessary)

2. Did any of the assigned readings for this course seriously attempt to get into the mind-set of underdeveloped actors? If so, which reading, or readings, can be so described? Did that reading, or readings, succeed or fail to communicate the perspective of underdeveloped actors? Why, or why not?

CITE THE SOURCES (In text citations included). Focus a lot on Robert A. Nisbet